Dos+Muchos

=﻿**Nuclear Arms.**= Schuyler Smith Lyndsey Perrell Susan Redman Huey Anukem

S.S. [] S.S.
 * Washington, DC 20036 [] **
 * 1) First nuclear explosion was in 1945
 * 2) The role of a nuclear weapon in the U.S. was to give the defense a new look
 * 3) Plutonium and highly enriched uranium were the key ingreediants
 * 4) First nuclear bomb had 10,000 times more power than any other bomb dropped before
 * 5) When the soviet and U.S. started there fights, the number of nuclear bombs increasced at senceless numbers
 * 6) Over time, the U.S. and Soviet Union expanded theres numbers exceeding tens of thousands war heads
 * 7) Bush, when vice president to Reagan, expressed feelings of taking out the whole military of Russia and the people of needed to.
 * 8) They signed two nuclear agreements to reduce nuclear weapons
 * 9) The agreements were called START I and START II
 * 10) When Bush took office in 2001, he strengthened the U.S. and Russia forces
 * 11) This gave eachother intell and helped minimize the number of nuclear forces between the two
 * 12) E=MC 2 is the formula to create a nuclear bomb
 * 13) Albert Einstine created this equation but regrets it because it is the way to make a bomb
 * 1) Bomb explodes by the splitting of atoms
 * 2) Also explode by 2 atoms joining
 * 3) Energy is released when the nuclei of certain atoms absorb a free neutron
 * 4) In 1938, Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn first provided the first experimental evidence of the release of energy from fission.

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 * 1) The power of a nuclear weapon was discovered in 1955
 * 2) Total number of nuclear missiles built, 1951-present: 67,500
 * 3) Estimated construction costs for more than 1,000 ICBM launch pads and silos, and support facilities, from 1957-1964: nearly $14,000,000,000
 * 4) Total number and types of nuclear warheads and bombs built, 1945-1990: more than 70,000/65 types
 * 5) States with the largest number of nuclear weapons in 1999 are New Mexico 2,450, Georgia 2,000, Washington 1,685, Nevada 1,350, and North Dakota 1,140.
 * 6) Total number of nuclear tests done in U.S. 1,030
 * 7) Estimated amount spent between October 1, 1992 and October 1, 1995 on nuclear testing activities: $1,200,000,000
 * 8) Volume in cubic meters of radioactive waste resulting from weapons activities: 104,000,000
 * 9) Estimated spending in 1998 on all U.S. nuclear weapons and weapons-related programs, 35,100,000,000

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 * 1) 2 nuclear weapons, Atomic bombs and Hydrogen bombs
 * 2) More than 75 presidential emergancy facalties
 * 3) Some islands in Enewetak atoll were vaporized due to nuclear testing
 * 4) 11 U.S. bombs were lost and never recovered
 * 5) Average cost per war head is about 70,000

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 * 1) Nuclear weapons are being built by the majority of all countries.
 * 2) nuclear detinations are the most destructive of all weapons
 * 3) A nuclear detonation creates a severe environment including blast, thermal pulse, neutrons, x- and gamma-rays, radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and ionization of the upper atmosphere.
 * 4) Nuclear explosion is tranferred in 3 forms
 * 5) Blast, Theraml radiation, and nuclear radiation
 * 6) Blast effects are manifested as ground shock, water shock, cratering, and large amount of dust and nuclear radiation.
 * 7) Temperatures can reach 10's of millions of degrees
 * 8) When bomb detinates, the blast starts at spreading 150 meters in .10 of a second
 * 9) It decreases to 100m per secons
 * 10) it can reach up to 2200m in 10 seconds
 * 11) This produces a powerfull blast wave

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 * 1) states such as Switzerland, Sweden, South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, and Argentina have abandoned weapon reaserch efforts.
 * 2) Africa built bombs before dismantling them.
 * 3) Iraq ran a nuclear weapons research effort before the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
 * 4) 17 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world's nuclear weapons still total more than 25,000.
 * 5) iran has been building up a uranium-enrichment operation that will soon be running 4,000 centrifuges.
 * 6) there are tens of thousands more planned.
 * 7) Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey have an recent interest in nuclear energy, and so has the Arab Emirates, which just inked a nuclear cooperation deal with Washington.
 * 8) nuclear weapons are being built all over the world.
 * 9) some countries want to stop and have reduced nuclear weapon reduction.
 * 10) President Barak Obama aims to expand "interdiction" efforts and help countries stop theft or diversion of nuclear gear.
 * 11) The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was ratified in 1975.
 * 12) It has been ratified by 187 countries, more than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement.
 * 13) The objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology.
 * 14) used to promote co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
 * 15) ato further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
 * 16) 180 countries agreed not to create nuclear weapons weapons.
 * 17) this treaty was to prevent new members from joining the “nuclear club."
 * 18) Under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), every country does have a right to nuclear development for peaceful purposes (i.e. nuclear energy).
 * 19) The fear is that countries may use this as a place for weapons development.
 * 20) this is the reason the Bush Administration has been concerned about in the "Iran example."

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 * 1) TNWs are more dangerous than strategic weapons.
 * 2) The fact that the're small, makes them vulnerable to theft.
 * 3) The existence of TNWs in national arsenals are a risk to global security.
 * 4) the new perception of the usability of nuclear weapons in both Russia and the United states, could create a dangerous precedent for other countries.
 * 5) In the last several years, states have tried to push the two nuclear powers toward action in the area of TNWs.
 * 6) (TNWs) refer to short-range weapons.
 * 7) China also classifies many weapons as strategic.
 * 8) TNWs constitute a large percentage of the arsenals of the nuclear weapon states.
 * 9) TNWs are the least-regulated category of nuclear weapons covered in arms control agreements.
 * 10) In 2002, Russia moved the completion date to 2004, citing lack of funding for warhead elimination.
 * 11) The new perception of the usability of nuclear weapons in both Russia and the United States, for different reasons, could create a dangerous precedent for other countries.
 * 12) In the last several years, a number of states, belonging to the New Agenda Coalition, have tried to push the two nuclear powers toward action in the area of TNWs.
 * 13) Reliance on nuclear weapons increased even further following the war in Kosovo in 1999.
 * 14) During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union relied heavily on nuclear weapons for all types of missions
 * 15) With the end of the Cold War, military and political relevance of TNWs declined.

[|__http://www.globalissues.org/issue/67/nuclear-weapons__] S.R.R

1.) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was ratified 1975 2.) Goal of this treaty was to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes then for weapons 3.) Also prevented new members from joining the ‘Nuclear Club’ 4.) Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) signed in 1972 5.) Prevents use of a defense system that may give an advantage to one side in a war 6.) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) made to prevent testing of nuclear weapons 7.) Also made to reduce the chance of a race to make the better weapon 8.) The U.S. is developing a missile defense, going against the ABM 9.) The U.S. has withdrawn from the AMB 10.) The U.S. senate rejected the CTBT 11.) Under NPT all countries have the right to nuclear development 12.) There is fear that this will be used for making nuclear weapons in secret 13.) The right to nuclear weapons will be argued for those who are threatened be some world powers 14.) It could be considered ‘suicidal’ if all counties give up on nuclear weapons 15.) The fear of a weapons race is not avoidable

[|__http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/bomb.html__] S.R.R

1.) August 6th 1945 Uranium Fission Bomb (called Little Boy) detonated over Hiroshima 2.) It had the same force of about 20,000 tons of TNT 3.) August 9th 1945 Plutonium Fission Bomb (called Fat Man) detonated Nagasaki 4.) Caused the widest area of damage 5.) After WWII it was the subject of several other weapon tests

[|__http://www.onlineschools.org/blog/nukes/__] S.R.R

1.) In the Manhattan Project Canada and the UK helped 2.) J. Robert Oppenheimer (physics professor from Berkeley) directed the project 3.) Ivy Mike was an early Hydrogen test bomb 4.) This test completely destroyed the island Elugelab in 1952 5.) Nevada had about 911 nuclear tests while the Pacific Ocean had 116 6.) There were 140,000 casualties in the explosion of Hiroshima and 90,000 in Nagasaki 7.) America’s largest test was ’Bravo’ which was 15 megatons 8.) The largest ever was the Soviet Union’s ‘Tsar Bomba’ which was a 50 megaton bomb 9.) America has built 67,500 Nuclear Missiles since 1951 10.) Russia and the U.S. are the main weapon reserves 11.) The U.S. nuclear weapon facilities occupy about 15,654 sq. miles of land 12.) The U.S. has lost 11 nuclear bombs and they have never been recovered

[|__http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukeaccidents/accidents.htm__] S.R.R

1.) There are great precautions taken to prevent accidents 2.) Most acknowledged accident was on February of 1950 when a B-36 dropped a bomb off in the Pacific Ocean 3.) Most records of accidents were not made public 4.) Neither confirmed or denied that nuclear weapons were involved in some accidents 5.) Department of Defense first released a list of nuclear accident in 1968, 13 serious accidents were listed (1950-1968) 6.) An updated list cataloged 32 accidents (1950-1980) 7.) Some of the accident listed in the 1968 version were not listed in the1980 version 8.) Non-Governmental organizations cover more accidents then one’s relating to the government 9.) Some of the nuclear weapons were lost and never found 10.) There have been false warnings of nuclear launchings against the U.S.