Zemos

Kori Conerly Tori Poole Colleen Rude Adam Stone

Thesis: Although testing cosmetics on animals before making them available keeps humans’ safe, it is inaccurate, inhumane and ignorant.

Site One:** Leepson, M., & Leepson, M. (1991, May 24). Animal rights. //CQ Researcher//, //1//, 301-324. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher /cqresrre1991052400.
 * Testing Cosmetics On Animals Is Wrong

Done by: __**TP, KC, CR, AS**__
 * 1) In the US- products are tested on animals for carcinogens
 * 2) anti-perspirant is tested on them
 * 3) Tested for toxics
 * 4) animals suffer mental and physical pain in the process of testing
 * 5) "essential to human health"
 * 6) some testing is said to be needlessly repetitive.
 * 7) Inflicting pain on animals doesnt help humans (questionable)
 * 8) labratory animals
 * 9) "animal rights movement" promotes humane treatment of animals
 * 10) Not as many animals being tested as their once was
 * 11) Testing isnt as inhumane as it use to be
 * 12) biomedical experimentations
 * 13) The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
 * 14) animal welfare groups have been around for over one-hundred years
 * 15) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
 * 16) “We don't believe animals are on earth to do whatever we want them to do,” says Amy Bertsch
 * 17) 60-100 million animals are killed yearly for testing
 * 18) researchers use up to ten animals at a time when they could only be using one
 * 19) people test without reason, sometimes
 * 20) religious: animals are named as Gods' creatures
 * 21) English Phyicians experimented on deer which led to discoverery of the cardiovascular system
 * 22) Englands Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, founded in 1824 helped to protect farm animals from unnecessary harsh treatment
 * 23) 1876 act required animal researchers (people who test) to gain a government license before legally testing
 * 24) by the 19th century every state had done something to help protect animals.
 * 25) Draize test has been in use since 1944
 * 26) eye tests can take up to two days- two days in pain
 * 27) rabbits are placed in restraining devices so they cant move away from the applicant
 * 28) sometimes tape and metal clips are used to hold their eyes open
 * 29) Revlon, Avon Products, Chesebrough-Pond's Co., Faberge Inc., Mary Kay Cosmetics, Procter & Gamble's Noxell, Amway Corp. and Christian Dior have stopped testing on animals
 * 30) Draize test has been decreased by 70% in the last ten years
 * 31) Alex Pacheco is the co-founder of PETA

__**Site 2:**__ "Cosmetic Testing Facts." //www.idausa.org//. The Idausa organizations, 4/19/05. Web. 25 May 2010. .


 * 1) companies claim they test on animals to establish the safety of their products and ingredients for consumers. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require animal testing for cosmetics
 * 2) alternative testing methods are widely available and lead to more reliable results
 * 3) Hundreds of companies – including Avon, The Body Shop and Mary Kay – already use humane non-animal testing methods
 * 4) testing is used to measure the levels of skin irritancy, eye tissue damage, and toxicity caused by various substances
 * 5) the Draize test, caustic substances are placed in the eyes of conscious rabbits to evaluate damage to sensitive eye tissues
 * 6) the Draize test is painful for the rabbits, who often scream when the substances are applied and sometimes break their necks or backs trying to escape the restraints
 * 7) Lethal Dosage (LD) tests are used to determine the amount of a substance that will kill a predetermined ratio of animals
 * 8) In LD tests subjects are forced to ingest poisonous substances (through stomach tubes, vapor spray inhalers or injection)
 * 9) Common reactions to LD tests include convulsions, vomiting, paralysis and bleeding from the eyes, nose, mouth or rectum.
 * 10) Not only is animal testing inhumane; it is inherently inaccurate.
 * 11) LD tests do not measure human health hazards, but only determine how toxic the product is to the type of animal it was tested on
 * 12) Each species reacts differently to various substances.
 * 13) LD test results can be affected by the age and sex of the animals tested, their housing and nutritional conditions and how the compound is administered.
 * 14) Non-animal testing methods that are more reliable and less expensive have been developed
 * 15) they use cell and skin tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models
 * 16) Some companies avoid testing altogether by using non-toxic natural ingredients
 * 17) and some use those that have already been safety-approved by the Cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association.
 * 18) In 2003, the European Union passed a ban on the use of animals in cosmetics testing starting in 2009
 * 19) they also issued a complete sales ban effective in 2013
 * 20) some companies stick to animal testing because of he resistance of industry technicians and researchers trying to protect their jobs
 * 21) also corporate legal departments typically use animal testing as a way to evade liability in the event of a lawsuit
 * 22) consumers who purchase products from companies that test on animals are also partly responsible
 * 23) consumers must use their purchasing power to send a strong message to cosmetics manufacturers that //testing on animals is cruel and unacceptable//.
 * __Done by: CR__**

__**Site #3:**__ "Cosmetic Testing | Mercy For Animals." //Mercy For Animals - Animal Rights Organization Promoting a Vegetarian Diet//. Web. 23 May 2010.  __**Done by: AS**__
 * 1) In one year, over 1 Million animals go under painful tests
 * 2) Some of them even die from it.
 * 3) The reason these tests are done is so that they can determine the safety of the product.
 * 4) These test are done on dogs, rabbits, rats, Guinna Pigs, and other animals.
 * 5) Eye shadow, furniture polish, and soap are some products that are tested on animals.
 * 6) In these tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits.
 * 7) The rabbits are usually held in stocks so that they can't move.
 * 8) They usually don't even receive anesthesia during the tests.
 * 9) After putting the substance in the eyes of the rabbits, they record the damage done to the eye over 72 hours.
 * 10) Sometimes, the testing takes 7-18 days.
 * 11) Some of the reactions to the substances include swollen eyelids, inflamed irises, ulceration, bleeding, massive deterioration, and blindness.
 * 12) During the tests, the animal's eyes are held opened with clips.
 * 13) Sometimes, the animals break their necks trying to escape.
 * 14) The tests of eye deterioration vary from rabbit to rabbit, and from different laboratories.
 * 15) Acute toxicity tests, sometimes called lethal dose or poisoning tests, find out the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to 100 percent, of a group of test animals.
 * 16) In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animal's stomachs or through holes cut into their throats.
 * 17) Sometimes, it is also injected under the skin into a vein.
 * 18) They can even be injected into the eyes, rectum or vagina.
 * 19) Some of the reactions that the animals have are convulsions, labored breathing, diarrhea, constipation, emaciation, skin eruptions, abnormal posture, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth.
 * 20) This process continues until at least %50 of the animals die.
 * 21) That usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks.
 * 22) Rodger D. Curren says that these tests, along with the eye tests are extremely unreliable.
 * 23) No law requires animal testing for cosmetics and household products.
 * 24) The testing methods are determined by manufacturers.
 * 25) The unreliability of the tests might make them appealing to some companies, because they allow manufacturers to put almost any product on the market.
 * 26) Companies can also use the fact that their product is tested to avoid lawsuits.
 * 27) Animal testing is cheap to do.
 * 28) Some companies use some of the many alternatives available today, including cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models.
 * 29) Most cruelty-free companies use more than one method to make sure that their product is safe.
 * 30) Neither the FHSA or the Commission's regulations require any firm to perform animal tests.


 * __Site #4:__**

Done by: **__KC__**
 * 1) FDA does not require animal testing for cosmetics
 * 2) Alternative testing methods are widely available
 * 3) Use more reliable results
 * 4) Hundreds of companies, (Avon, the Body Shop, Mary Kay) use humane, non-animal testing methods
 * 5) Animal testing is used to measure the levels of skin irritancy
 * 6) eye tissue damage
 * 7) toxicity caused by various substances
 * 8) the "Draize Test" caustic substances are placed in the eyes of conscious rabbits to evaluate damage to sensitive eye tissues
 * 9) extremely painful
 * 10) they often scream
 * 11) sometimes break necks, backs, trying to escape
 * 12) common reactions; convulsions, vomitting, paralysis, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, mouth or rectum
 * 13) inherently inaccurate
 * 14) each species reacts differently
 * 15) non-animal testing is more reliable and less expensive
 * 16) Many shampoos and other personal care products are sent through safety testing before delivered to customers
 * 17) Animals are purposefully made sick so reseachers can make them "better"
 * 18) discomforting.
 * 19) critisized upon
 * 20) improves human health (life) (supporting the other side)
 * 21) killing animals to improve the appearance of animals...
 * 22) medical use
 * 23) wrinkle treatments and botox are all tested on animals
 * 24) they test in countries where it is legal and then send the finished products to places where it is illegal
 * 25) Animals die to determine safety
 * 26) unrealiable- tests the products on animals, and how they react, not humans.
 * 27) consumers who buy the products tested on animals are partially responsible.
 * 28) subjects are forced to injest:
 * 29) through: stomache tubes, vapor spray inhalers and injections
 * 30) ld test results can be affected by age and sex of an animal (unreliable)

"Animal Testing: the Unethical Loophole | The Linc." //The Linc | Lincoln's Premier Student Newspaper//. Web. 25 May 2010.  Done by: **__AS__**
 * 1) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Foundation (PETA)
 * 2) Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)
 * 3) Tests are usually done to make sure that a product that is released into the market won't harm humans
 * 4) The tests most commonly use rabbits, rats and mice.
 * 5) There are videos on the PETA website that are graphic and disturbing with animals screaming to get out of cages.
 * 6) In the UK, animal testing has been banned since 1998
 * 7) The EU has put a “partial ban on the sale anywhere in the EU of cosmetics and toiletries containing ingredients which have been tested on animals.”
 * 8) That doesn't solve problems of items being imported from other countries.
 * 9) The company Unilever admits to animal testing.
 * 10) They are the makers of popular brands like Lynx, Dove, Sure, Sunsilk hair care, and Vaseline.
 * 11) Proctor & Gamble also admits to animal testing.
 * 12) This company makes products like Olay, Gillette, Pantene, Wella, Max Factor, and, Herbal Essences.
 * 13) Online campaigners have had heir 14th annual boycott of the company.
 * 14) The site says that in 2008, Proctor & Gamble scientists had poisoned and killed thousands of animals in tests of a chemical.
 * 15) Companies like Lush cosmetics, The Body Shop, Marks & Spencer, and The Co-op take a stance on stopping animal testing.

Gaynor, Borade. "Animal Testing Facts." //Intelligent Life on the Web// (2005): 1. Web. 25 May 2010. .

Done by:**__TP__**
 * 1) animals dont give their consent to be tested upon
 * 2) skin cream, shampoo, cancer prevention
 * 3) Tested on live animals
 * 4) certain countries- must be tested on two+ animals, one which has to be rodent
 * 5) prevent human sufferage during surgery
 * 6) less than 25% of human to animals results match up, different effects on different things
 * 7) some of the testing isnt even relevant to humans, not needed.
 * 8) have caused tumors on animals
 * 9) used for cancer treatment and prevention, but animals dont get the same kinds of caner humans do,
 * 10) if they do its in different ways.
 * 11) 83% of what animals undergo is metabolized differently than in humans
 * 12) genetically modified animals are still not like humans
 * 13) cause pregnant animals to loose their babies
 * 14) some drugs or cosmetics that are tested on animals and are not safe, are marked safe
 * 15) Humans still die, recieve side effects because of animals tested products
 * 16) sometimes human side effects from a prescription are worse than whay they had to start with
 * 17) "lifesaving"
 * 18) nobel prizes are awarded to vivisectors. (people who take animal bodies apart)
 * 19) over 400 alternative options to testing on animals
 * 20) 33 animals die per second in those labratories
 * 21) medical process is not achieved through the cruelty of animals


 * ASPCA, . "11 Facts About Animal Testing." //Do Something// (2009): 1. Web. 25 May 2010. . ||

Done by: **__TP__**
 * 1) We dont know for sure how many animals are killed, government doesnt require labs to report how many animals are tested
 * 2) (mice rats birds)
 * 3) animals that do have to be reported:
 * 4) dogs, cats, sheep, hampsters, guinea pigs, and primates
 * 5) animals are kept in small clear boxes
 * 6) animals are intelligent, they need to be socially active
 * 7) tests can be painful, and stressful
 * 8) animals were sometimes used in more than one experiment at a time, (ineffective) there is more than one variable
 * 9) President Clinton helped settle testing on primates in 2000

Site 8: "Animal Testing." __123HelpMe.com__. 25 May 2010 .

__**The Other Side**__ __**The Right Side**__ 1. 50-100 million animals worldwide are used annually and are killed during experiments or euthanized afterwards. 2. It is banned in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the UK 3. in 2002 the European Union (EU) agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009, and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing 4. France, which is home to the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Oreal, has protested the proposed ban by lodging a case at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg 5. ban is also opposed by the European Federation for Cosmetics Ingredients, which represents 70 companies in Switzerland, Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. 6. **Reduction** refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. 7. **Replacement** refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. 8. **Refinement** refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals still used. Done by: **__KC__**
 * 1) people wanting everything, including animal testing being banned turns them blind and ignorant to what's going on
 * 2) people should look at some of the incredible factors that have come from testing
 * 3) animal testing has saved many lives
 * 4) if the cosmetics hadn't been tested on animals first, people could have died
 * 1) Now that we have the knowledge from previous animal testing it is no longer needed[]

MFA,. "Cosmetic Testing." //Mercy For Animals// (2000): 1. Web. 25 May 2010. .

1. In these tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. 2. The animals are often immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude. 3. They usually receive no anesthesia during the tests 4. After placing the substance in the rabbits' eyes, laboratory technicians record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours 5. Sometimes the tests last between 7 and 18 days 6. Reactions to the substances include swollen eyelids, inflamed irises, ulceration, bleeding, massive deterioration, and blindness. 7. During the tests, the rabbits' eyelids are held open with clips 8. Many animals break their necks as they struggle to escape. 9. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to 100 percent, of a group of test animals. 10. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animals' stomachs or through holes cut into their throats. Done by: **__CR__**


 * Marshall, Jane. "Animal Testing on Cosmetics." //About Animal Testing// (2010): 1. Web. 25 May 2010. . ||

1. Cosmetics testing is usually focused on ensuring that a product does not harm a person's eyes and skin. 2. It is also tested for overall toxicity and any toxicity related to ultraviolet light 3. Cosmetics testing will also focus on testing for mutagenic effects. 4. animals may experience discomfort, suffering and ultimately die, all in the name of aesthetics and 'looking good.' 5. company can still obtain great benefit from the prior use of animals in cosmetics testing while being able to claim that their particular product was not tested on animals. 6. In the UK and many areas where cosmetics testing on animals is banned, manufacturers are still required by law to show that a product meets certain health, hygiene and safety standards before it can be approved for public purchase 7. Another option for cosmetics manufacturers is quite simply to avoid an ingredient or group of ingredients that have not clearly shown safety in terms of animal testing 8. cosmetics companies can and usually do test their products on human volunteers or in clinical trials. 9. the ban will continue as more countries follow the UK's lead in ending cosmetics testing on animals Done by: **CR**